Process of making-

Screen printing-

Process-

Step 1: The design is create

↓

 2: The screen is prepared

↓

Step 3: The emulsion is exposed

↓

Step 4: The emulsion is washed off, creating the stencil

↓

Step 5: The Item Is Prepared For Print

↓

Step 6: The ink is pressed through the screen onto the item

↓

Step 7: The product is dried, checked and finished

 Advantages-

1.Cost effective for large quantities

2.Easier to print on special garment.

3.Various inks can be used.

4.Long lasting & durable quality

 Disadvantage -

1.More money for multiple colors

2.Not practical for small orders

3.Relative Complexity.

4.Not environmentally friendly.

Durability -Long lasting & durable quality

Due to the composition and thickness of inks used in screen printing, designs placed with this method can withstand far more stress than others without losing the quality of the print.

Brands-

Nike , Adidas, Allen Solly ( on high quality cotton).....

Kalamkari-

Process-

Preparation of fabric

                  ↓ 

Application of mordants 

            ↓

Outlining the design

            ↓

Natural Dye Preparation 

           ↓

Dyeing 

                    ↓

Drying and fixing 

                     ↓

Repeat dyeing and outlining 

                      ↓

Washing and ironing 

                       ↓

Application of starch 

                      ↓

Final touches 

                        ↓

Display and preservation

Advantages-

Kalamkari prints offer durability

artistic value

eco-friendliness

Disadvantage -

costly 

require careful care

not  widely available.

Durability-The average lifespan of Kalamkari fabric prints based on the quality of the fabric. Kalamkari prints are highly durable and can last for many years with proper care. Their durability stems from the use of natural fibers, traditional printing techniques, and minimal chemical exposure.

Brands-

Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Anita Dongre, Ritu Kumar, Fabindia, Péro.... 

Heat transfer

Process-

Step-

1.Create Your Design

↓

2.Print Your Design 

↓

3.Cut Out Your Design

↓

4.Warm Up the Heat Press

↓

5.Adjust the Pressure

↓

6.Set the Time

↓

7.Set the Substrate &

 Transfer in Place

↓

8.Press the Product

↓

9.Remove the Film

Advantages-

1. Cost-Effective

2. Versatile

3. User-Friendly

4. Good Quality

Disadvantage -

1. Time-Consuming

2. Not Suitable For Printing High Volumes.

3. The Prints Fade Easily.

Durability-Vinyl heat transfer is durable and can last for a long time if cared for properly

Brands-

Adidas, Under Armour, Puma, Decathlon........

Digital print -

Process-

Advantages-

1、Quick reaction

 2、Cost reduction

3、The effect is good and the customer's approval rate is high

4、Wide range of application.

Disadvantage -

(1) the speed of printing is slow

(2) the ink cost is high.

(3) the problem of the combination of new and old technology.

（4）Color accuracy

Durability-more durable than basic heat transfer methods.

Brands-

Kwabey, Bewakoof  and most small clothing t shirts brand.

Rotary printing-

Process-

Preparation

↓

Screen Preparation

↓

Color Application

↓

Drying and Curing

↓

Finishin

Advantages-

superior production capacity.

Disadvantage -

Not Profitable for Short-Runs.

Durability-Rotary printing is a durable and long-lasting textile printing technique. The print is created by forcing color through the engravings in a rotating cylinder onto the fabric.

Brands-Tommy hillfigure, Burberry, Gucci....

Discharge-

Process-

Fabric preparation

↓

Table preparation

↓

Fabric plaited on the table

↓

Apply printing paste with the help of screen

↓

Curing at 190ºC (belt speed 3m/min)

↓

Delivery

Advantages-

* "Vibrant Designs on Dark Fabrics

* Soft and Breathable Finish

* Detailed and Intricate Pattern

* Vintage and Distressed Effects

Disadvantage -

Limited Color Range

Fabric Compatibility

Not Ideal for All Designs

Durability-Discharge printing is a durable technique that can withstand repeated washing and wear. The print is created by removing the dye from the fabric, leaving behind a clean canvas on which a new color can be applied.

Brands- Patagonia, Nike, reebook, champion.....

Batik-

Process-

Wax Application

↓

Resist-Dyeing Process

↓

Dyeing

↓

Wax Removal

↓

Layered Coloring

↓

Handcrafted Artistry

Advantages-

Unique and handcrafted designs

Versatile for various fabrics and styles

Sustainable and eco-friendly

Disadvantage -

Labor-intensive and time-consuming process

Limited to small-scale production

Potential for slight variations in print alignment

Durability-High-quality natural fibers 50+ years

Brands-

Gucci ,H&M, Zara:, Marimekko......

Price Range: ₹300 to ₹ ₹37,500+  

Depending upon the quality and designs

Sublimation-

Process-

Design Preparation

↓

Printing

↓

Heat Pressing

↓

Sublimation Transfer

↓

Finishing

Advantages-

1.Vibrant and Long-lasting Prints: 

2.Versatility In Design

3.Soft And Breathable Prints:

4.Durability and Washability

5.Economic for Small-Batch Productionr Compatibility

Disadvantage -

1.Print on dark fabric is very hard to do.

2.you can not print on any material except polyester., it's very hard to do.

3 .you need to coating of polymer  for rigid surface.

4.Cannot be printed with white sublimation ink

Durability-sublimation is extremely durable because once the sublimation ink gets infused into the substrate after heat pressing, it becomes a permanent part of the fabric or substrate.

Brands-nike, addidas, puma, new balance.....

Prize range-It's very much affordable and budget friendly print.

Burnout-

Process-

1 Design creation

↓

2 knit the fabric with yarn 

↓

3 printing factory

↓

4 perform the print 

↓

5 cotton part destroys 

↓

6 dye and finish

Advantages-

Creates unique, transparent designs

Soft and comfortable to wear

Durable and long-lasting

Disadvantage -

Can be expensive

Requires specialized equipment

Can be difficult to control.

Durability-It depends upon the various factors like material used , intricacy of the design and care.

Brands-Elie Tahari,Anna Sui,Diane von Furstenberg......

Pigment-

Process-

Step 1: Preparation of pigment printing paste."

↓

* "Step 2: Application of paste onto fabric."

↓

* "Step 3: Fixation through heat or chemicals."

Advantages-

Wide Color Range: Offers a broad spectrum of colors.

Durability: Results in long-lasting prints.

Versatility: Applicable to various fabric types.

Environmental Benefits: Can be more eco-friendly with water-based inks.

Reduced Water Consumption: Requires less water in the printing process.

Disadvantage -

Limited Penetration: Pigment inks may not penetrate as deeply as other types.

Stiffer Hand Feel: Can sometimes result in a stiffer feel on fabric.

Colorfastness Testing Needed: Important for ensuring longevity.

Not Suitable for All Designs: May not be ideal for intricate or detailed designs.

Durability-pigment fabric print can last anywhere from 5 to 20 years or more with proper care. However, some high-quality pigment-printed fabrics, especially those made with natural fibers and inorganic pigments, can last for decades with minimal signs of wear or fading.

Brands-

india mart, mehera shaw, billomi fashion,jamini......

Price: 50.00 - 80.00 INR 

Rubber print-

Process-

 Plate Preparation

↓

Ink Application

↓

Transfer to Substrate

↓

Imprint and Curing

↓

Final Product

Advantages-

* Versatility

* Cost-Effective

* Durability

* Precision

* Volume Production

Disadvantage -

* Limited Detail

* Plate Wear

* Setup Time

* Ink Limitations

* Environmental Impact

Durability-The lifespan of prints from normal rubber printing varies but can last several years with proper care. 

Price range- 100 to 1,000 INR

Brands-Supreme, converse, nikr, adidas.....

DTF-

Process-

1. Design Creation

↓

2. Printing on Film

 ↓

3. Adhesive Application

 ↓

4. Film Preparation

 ↓

5. Transfer to Substrate

↓

6. Heat Press Transfer     

 ↓

7. Cooling and Peeling

↓

8. Curing 

↓

9. Final Inspection.

Advantages-

Produces high-quality, vibrant prints

Versatile and can be used on a variety of fabrics

No need for pre-treatment or post-curing

Disadvantage -

Can be expensive

Requires specialized equipment

Limited color gamut

Durability-

printing is a relatively new printing technique, but it has been shown to be quite durable. The print is created by applying a thin layer of film with the desired design onto the fabric.

Brands-Patagonia, nike, under armour......

DTG-

Process-

1. Design Creation

 ↓

2. Garment Selection

  ↓

3.Pre-treatment

↓

4.Drying

↓

5. Printing Setup

  ↓

6.Printing

  ↓

7. Curing

 ↓

8. Quality Inspection

↓

9. Post-Treatment (Optional)

↓

10. Packaging and Delivery

                             

Advantages-

Produces high-quality, vibrant prints on a variety of fabrics

Easy to use and setup

Environmentally friendly with water-based inks

Disadvantage -

Can be expensive upfront

Not suitable for large-scale production

Prints can crack on dark fabrics

Durability-

DTG prints on garments last anywhere from 25% to 50% as long as screen prints.

Brands-Nike, Adidas, puma......

VINYL-

Process-

1. Design Creation

  ↓ 

2. Vectorization

  ↓ 

3. Material Selection 

↓

4. Preparation of Vinyl Cutter

↓

5. Cutting Process

↓

6. Weeding

↓

7. Transfer Tape Application

  ↓ 

8. Application to Substrate

 ↓ 

9. Finishing

Advantages-

Durability

Cost effective

Disadvantage -

texture and breathability

Durability-Vinyl printing on fabric is highly durable and can withstand repeated washing and drying without fading or cracking, making it an excellent choice for long-lasting designs.

Brands-Nike, adidas, champion.....

UV-

Process-

1. Design and File Preparation

↓ 

2. Prepress

↓ 

3. Substrate Preparation

↓ 

4. Ink Selection

↓ 

5. Loading the Substrate

 ↓ 

6. Printing

 ↓  

7. UV Curing

 ↓   

8. Quality Control

  ↓  

9. Post-Processing (Optional)

 ↓ 

10. Finishing

  ↓ 

11. Packaging and Delivery

Advantages-

1. *Fast Drying Time:* 

2. *High-Quality Printing:* 

3. *Versatility in Substrate:* 

4. *Environmentally Friendly:* 

5. *Durability and Resistance:* 

6. *Wide Color Gamut:* 

7. *Special Effects:* 

8. *Prints Ready for Finishing:*

Disadvantage -

1.Equipment Cost

2.Maintenance Requirements

3.Ink Cost

4.Limited Substrate Compatibility

5.Environmental Considerations

6. Surface Sensitivity

7. Color Matching Challenges

8. Energy Consumption

9. Potential Health and Safety Concerns

Durability-

Typical UV cured prints have an outdoor durability of at least 2 years without fading, or up to 5 years or more without fading when laminated.

Brands-nike, adidas, puma, champion...

Price range-

INR 10 to INR 100 according to rectangular inch of published area.

Emboss-

Process-

1 Design selection

 ↓  

2 Coating application

 ↓  

3 Die or plat e creation

 ↓  

4 Embossing

 ↓  

5 Cooling

 ↓  
6 Ensuring the uniformity of it

Advantages-

Enhanced Visual Appeal

Textural Contrast

Professional and Elegant Look

Increased Durability

Branding Impact

Disadvantages of Embossing Printing

Cost

Limitation in Detail

Ink Compatibility

Production Time

Not Suitable for All Designs

Disadvantage -

increase cost

limited fabric selection

potential for damage

Durability-In general, embossed printing is quite durable and can withstand normal wear and tear. However, it is important to avoid excessive rubbing or abrasion, as this can damage the raised areas of the print.

Brands-Gucci, prada.....

Flock-

Process-It has three different ways-
1 compressed air
2 shaking process 
3 electrostatic method

Advantages-

soft hand feel and good warmth retention. The wool is woven on the cloth surface using a specific process. 

Disadvantage -

 It is easy to fall off when the washing frequency increases, and there will be sticky hair phenomenon.

Durability-

Depends upon material used and how u look after it

Brands-Addidas, Puma , Nike, Gucci , Supreme....

Reactive-

Process-

1 Fabric 
 ↓  
2 Coated with a special pre-treatment 
 ↓  
 3 Ensures that the dye and fabric fibres bond together 
 ↓  
4 Reactive dye
 ↓  
5 Printed onto the fabric using an inkjet.
 ↓  
6 High-pressure steamer at very hot temperature
 ↓  
 7 On the printed fabric 
 ↓  
 8 Locks colours into the fibres
 ↓  
9 Ensures a lasting print that will stay bright, wash after wash
 ↓  
10 Printed fabric 
 ↓  
11 Washed
 ↓  
 12 Remove excess dye and pre-treatment 

Advantages-

Produces high quality, long lasting prints.

Premium option for digital printing

Disadvantage -

Requires more water to wash out excess dyes and pre treatments

All the ink and dyes used are drained into water bodies resulting in water pollution.

Durability-

Depends on the quality of fabric used and care given

Brands-Nike, Adidas, H&M, and Zara

Photocatalytic-

Process-

Selection of Photocatalytic Materials

↓

Ink Formulation

↓

Printing Process

↓

Curing or Drying

↓

Exposure to Light

↓

Applications

Advantages-

Self-cleaning and odor-reducing

Antibacterial and antiviral properties

Durability and weather resistance

Environmentally friendly

Disadvantage -

Higher cost

Limited color options

Sensitivity to light

Durability-Durable to Prints Resistant to Fading, Scratching, Harsh environmental condition.

Brands-

MediaCo group, EnhanceAir.......

Gelli-

Process-

 Prepare Plate

↓

* Ink Application

↓

* Texture and Design

↓

* Paper Placement

↓

* Transfer

↓

* Variations

↓

* Peeling Off

↓

* Cleaning and Reuse

Advantages-

Versatile and allows creative experimentation.

* Offers unique textures and layered effects.

* Simple process suitable for various skill levels.

* Reusable gel plate promotes sustainability.

* Encourages spontaneity in the creative process.

Disadvantage -

* Each print is unique, challenging for exact reproductions.

* Drying time can vary depending on the ink or paint.

* Cleanup of tools and the gel plate is required.

* Textured prints may need careful storage.

* Consideration for ink or paint consumption based on project scale.

Durability-

The lifespan of Gelli prints varies but can be prolonged with archival materials, proper storage, and protection from environmental factors.

Brands-Free people, urban outfitter, zara, h&m......

Block-

Process-

Designs preparation 

↓

Block Carving

↓

Color Preparation

↓

Dye Application

↓

Fabric Preparation

↓

Printing Technique

↓

Repeating the Process

↓

Drying and Finishing

↓

Quality Control

Advantages-

Durability

Artistic Value

Eco-friendliness

Disadvantage -

Cost

Care Requirements

Availability

Durability-

Block print fabric is known for its durability and can last for many years with proper care.

Brands-

Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Anita Dongre, Ritu Kumar,  Fabindia, Chumbak.....

Prize range-₹150 and ₹15,000

Depending upon the quality and designs 

Foil-

Process-

* Design Preparation

↓

* Die-Cutting and Adhesive Application

↓

* Foil Placement

↓

* Heat and Pressure

↓

* Cooling and Removal

↓

* Final Product

Advantages-

  * Offers a luxurious and eye-catching metallic effect.

    * Precision in detail and intricate designs.

Disadvantage -

* Costlier compared to some printing methods.

 * Limited color options, primarily metallic shades.

Durability-

 Durable and resistant to wear, ensuring a lasting visual impact.

Brands-Gucci, chanel, louis vuitton.......

Dabu-

Process-

fabric preparation

↓  

Mud resist preparation

↓

Block carving: 

↓

Block printing

↓

Drying

↓

Dyeing

↓

Washing and finishing

Advantages-

Unique and intricate designs

Natural dyes create a vibrant and long-lasting color

Eco-friendly and sustainable process

Disadvantage -

Time-consuming and labor-intensive process

Limited color palette

Requires skilled artisans to achieve the desired results

Durability-

The lifespan of Dabu print can vary depending on a number of factors, including the quality of the fabric, the dyes used, and the care it receives. However, with proper care, Dabu print garments and home furnishings can last for many years, even decades.

Brands-

Fabindia, Good Earth, Rangritira, Yasin Block Prints, Anokhi, Ritu Kumar......

 

Price range- ₹1,000 to ₹50,000

Ajrakh-

Process-

Saaj

↓

Khariyanu

↓

Rekh (outline) printing

↓

 Drying of rekh-printed fabric

↓

Black outlines printing

↓

 Sawdust sprinkling

↓

Indigo dyeing

↓

 Gach (red) printing

↓

 Additional indigo dyeing

↓

Washing and drying

↓

Final resist printing

↓

Final indigo dyeing

↓

Washing and finishing

↓

Quality control

Advantages-

Rich cultural heritage and intricate designs

Natural dyes and eco-friendly process

Durable and long-lasting

Disadvantage -

Labor-intensive and time-consuming process

Limited color palette

Care instructions and maintenance

Durability-Ajrakh print fabric is known for its durability, lasting for generations with proper care.

Brands-

Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Abraham & Thakore, Rahul Mishra, Satya Paul.......